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1.
Pathogens ; 12(7)2023 Jun 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37513725

RESUMO

The nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis has been reported worldwide. However, some basic questions remain unanswered about A. cantonensis in Ecuador: (1) Was the invasion of A. cantonensis in Ecuador unique, or did it occur in different waves? (2) Was this invasion as recent as historical records suggest? (3) Did this invasion come from other regions of South America or elsewhere? To address these issues, we assessed the genetic diversity of MT-CO1 gene sequences from isolates obtained in 11 of Ecuador's 24 provinces. Our Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree recovered A. cantonensis as a well-supported monophyletic group. All 11 sequences from Ecuador were identical and identified as AC17a. The haplotype AC17a, found in Ecuador and the USA, formed a cluster with AC17b (USA), AC13 (Thailand), and AC12a-b (Cambodia). Notably, all the samples obtained in Ecuadorian provinces' different geographic and climatic regions had no genetic difference. Despite the lack of genetic information on A. cantonensis in Latin America, except in Brazil, our finding differs from previous studies by its absence of gene diversity in Ecuador. We concluded that the invasion of A. cantonensis in Ecuador may have occurred: (1) as a one-time event, (2) recently, and (3) from Asia via the USA. Further research should include samples from countries neighboring Ecuador to delve deeper into this.

2.
J Microbiol Methods ; 192: 106376, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34798175

RESUMO

The aetiology of diarrhoea in a patient in Cuba with HIV was investigated. Although molecular diagnostics are still not used in many under-resourced settings, here traditional methods were supported by use of PCR. This approach enabled detection of a dual infection (Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi), the latter of which was not identified by microscopy with Didier's trichromic staining.


Assuntos
Coccidiose/diagnóstico , Diarreia/diagnóstico , Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , Microsporidiose/diagnóstico , Sarcocystidae/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Cuba , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Enterocytozoon/genética , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Microsporidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Sarcocystidae/genética , Sarcoma de Kaposi/complicações , Sarcoma de Kaposi/tratamento farmacológico , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/uso terapêutico
3.
Food Waterborne Parasitol ; 25: e00136, 2021 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34765755

RESUMO

Taeniosis is a neglected disease, particularly in developing countries, and is caused by infection with the adult tapeworm of either Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica. Of these, T. solium is of primary concern due to the potential for cysticercosis should T. solium eggs be ingested. In Cuba, all cases of taeniosis are assumed to be caused by T. saginata, although some cases of cysticercosis have been documented. It is therefore important to gain further insights regarding the species causing taeniosis in Cuba, especially as diagnostic records indicate an increasing incidence, with the highest number of cases reported in 2020. In this study, we analysed 37 Taenia-positive faecal samples (or proglottids isolated from faecal samples) from the period 2001 until 2020 from all regions of the country. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, which had been stored in 10% formalin, using the QIAamp Tissue Kit. Species identification was carried out by duplex real-time PCR targeting the mitochondrial DNA. All cases were found to be T. saginata, and sequence analysis of three isolates confirmed the identification of this species. Our data do not provide any evidence that T. solium currently occurs in Cuba. However, given the relatively low number of samples analysed here, that the parasite may be imported with visitors or travellers who have been in endemic countries, and that taeniosis has relatively mild symptoms and thus infected patients may not seek medical attention, we recommend species determination for all taeniosis cases reported in Cuba.

4.
J Microbiol Methods ; 179: 106102, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33188802

RESUMO

Microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in many countries, including Cuba, although molecular approaches often have higher sensitivity as well as other advantages. Fecal samples from 133 patients were analyzed by light microscopy and also real-time multiplex qPCR targeting Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica, and, separately, Dientamoeba fragilis. Microscopy revealed G. duodenalis occurred most commonly (17 patients), followed by Blastocystis spp. (12 patients). In a few patients, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora cayetanensis were identified. Molecular analysis identified 4 more G. duodenalis infections and 2 more Cryptosporidium spp. infections; concordance between microscopy and PCR showed almost perfect agreement for G. duodenalis (κ = 0.88) and substantial agreement for Cryptosporidium (κ = 0.74). PCR indicated that E. dispar, rather than E. histolytica, had been identified by microscopy. Additionally, 16 D. fragilis infections were detected using molecular methods. Although both microscopy and molecular techniques have a place in parasitology diagnostics, for parasites such as D. fragilis, where microscopy can underestimate occurrence, molecular techniques may be preferable, and also essential for distinguishing between morphologically similar microorganisms such as E. histolytica and E. dispar. Although in resource-constrained countries such as Cuba, microscopy is extremely important as a diagnostic tool for intestinal parasites, inclusion of molecular techniques could be invaluable for selected protozoa.


Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Dientamebíase/diagnóstico , Entamebíase/diagnóstico , Giardíase/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Cuba/epidemiologia , Dientamoeba/isolamento & purificação , Dientamebíase/parasitologia , Entamoeba histolytica/isolamento & purificação , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/parasitologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Microscopia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Adulto Jovem
5.
Rev. cuba. oftalmol ; 32(3): e795, jul.-set. 2019. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1099092

RESUMO

RESUMEN La toxoplasmosis ocular es la causa de uveítis posterior más frecuente en muchos países. El diagnóstico correcto se basa principalmente en las características clínicas de la enfermedad; pero en las formas de uveítis posterior atípicas se necesita el apoyo del laboratorio para confirmar el diagnóstico y no indicar tratamientos inapropiados. Se resalta el valor de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en fluidos oculares en pacientes con títulos serológicos en suero positivos para toxoplasma y presentaciones atípicas de uveítis posterior. Se presenta un caso clínico de una paciente con toxoplasmosis sistémica, confirmada con títulos serológicos en suero positivos, quien concomitó con uveítis posterior bilateral sin características típicas de toxoplasmosis ocular, en la cual la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de fluidos oculares fue esencial en el diagnóstico. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en fluidos oculares constituye una herramienta inequívoca en el diagnóstico correcto de las formas atípicas de uveítis posteriores(AU)


ABSTRACT Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most frequent cause of posterior uveitis in many countries. Correct diagnosis is mainly based on the clinical characteristics of the disease, but in atypical forms of posterior uveitis laboratory support is required to confirm the diagnosis and not indicate inappropriate treatments. Evidence is provided of the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction in ocular fluids from patients with serum serological titers positive for toxoplasma and atypical presentations of posterior uveitis. A clinical case is presented of a female patient with systemic toxoplasmosis confirmed by positive serum serological titers and concomitant bilateral posterior uveitis without typical features of ocular toxoplasmosis, in which polymerase chain reaction in ocular fluids was essential for the diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction in ocular fluids is an unequivocal tool for the correct diagnosis of atypical forms of posterior uveitis(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Humor Aquoso/citologia , Uveíte Posterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Toxoplasmose Ocular/etiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos
6.
MEDICC Rev ; 20(2): 32-34, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29773774

RESUMO

After December 17, 2014, when the US and Cuban governments announced their intent to restore relations, the two countries participated in various exchange activities in an effort to encourage cooperation in public health, health research and biomedical sciences. The conference entitled Exploring Opportunities for Arbovirus Research Collaboration, hosted at Havana's Hotel Nacional, was part of these efforts and was the first major US-Cuban scientific conference in over 50 years. Its purpose was to share information about current arbovirus research and recent findings, and to explore opportunities for future joint research. The nearly 100 participants included leading arbovirus and vector transmission experts from ten US academic institutions, NIH, CDC, FDA and the US Department of Defense. Cuban participants included researchers, clinicians and students from Cuba's Ministry of Public Health, Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Center for State Control of Medicines and Medical Devices and other health research and regulatory organizations. Topics highlighted at the three-day meeting included surveillance, research and epidemiology; pathogenesis, immunology and virology; treatment and diagnosis; vector biology and control; vaccine development and clinical trials; and regulatory matters. Concurrent breakout discussions focused on novel vector control, nonvector transmission, community engagement, Zika in pregnancy, and workforce development. Following the conference, the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute and the US National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases have continued to explore ways to encourage and support scientists in Cuba and the USA who wish to pursue arbovirus research cooperation to advance scientific discovery to improve disease prevention and control. KEYWORDS Arboviruses, flavivirus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, dengue virus, research, disease vectors, Cuba, USA.


Assuntos
Infecções por Arbovirus , Arbovírus , Pesquisa , Animais , Infecções por Arbovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Arbovirus/transmissão , Cuba , Vetores de Doenças , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Saúde Pública , Estados Unidos
8.
Rev. cuba. med. mil ; 45(2): 119-130, abr.-jun. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-960523

RESUMO

Introducción: los países donde no es endémica la enfermedad de Chagas (EC) enfrentan, entre sus desafíos, la determinación de su prevalencia en personas provenientes de áreas endémicas. Objetivos: determinar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi por diferentes métodos serológicos en muestras de suero de estudiantes de la Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (ELAM), detectar la presencia del genoma del parásito mediante técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR-kDNA) en el grupo estudiado y evaluar, preliminarmente, los métodos utilizados en el algoritmo de trabajo para el diagnóstico de EC en Cuba. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de la ELAM, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2012, a quienes, debido a la pesquisa del Programa de Control Sanitario Internacional (CSI) del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP), se les realizaron, a su ingreso a Cuba, estudios serológicos y moleculares para el diagnóstico de EC, mediante cuatro métodos comerciales de diagnóstico serológico, con empleo paralelo de la técnica de PCR-kDNA. Resultados: la seropositividad, mediante métodos serológicos, fue de 6,25 por ciento, detectándose el parásito en cinco estudiantes seropositivos. Se mostró presencia del genoma del parásito (sensibilidad y especificidad diagnósticas: 100 por ciento) para la técnica de PCR-kDNA. La sensibilidad y especificidad diagnósticas de esta, halladas en este estudio preliminar, permiten considerarla una herramienta útil para diagnosticar EC en pacientes en fase crónica indeterminada. Conclusiones: los métodos serológicos y moleculares del algoritmo para corroborar EC utilizados en esta investigación, mostraron validez, seguridad diagnóstica y concordancia suficientes para justificar su uso en cada uno de los niveles de confirmación(AU)


Introduction: countries where Chagas disease is not endemic (CD) confront, among their challenges, the determination of its prevalence in endemic area people. Objectives: determine the presence of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies by different serological methods in serum samples of students from the Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), detect the presence of the parasite genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR-kDNA) in the studied group and evaluate, preliminarily, the methods used in the working algorithm for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in Cuba. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study of ELAM students was conducted from September to November 2012. These students underwent serological and molecular studies for the diagnosis of CD, due to the research carried out by the Ministry of Public Health (MINSAP) To Cuba, using four commercial methods of serological diagnosis, with parallel use of the PCR-kDNA technique. Results: seropositivity, using serological methods, was 6.25 percent, and this parasite was detected in five seropositive students. The presence of the parasite genome (diagnostic sensitivity and specificity: 100 percent) was shown for the PCR-kDNA technique. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, found in this preliminary study, allow it to be considered a useful tool to diagnose CD in patients with chronic indeterminate phase. The serological and molecular methods of the algorithm to corroborate CD used in this research showed sufficient validity, diagnostic reliability and concordance to justify its use at each of the confirmation levels(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos/efeitos adversos , Doenças Negligenciadas/epidemiologia , Faculdades de Medicina , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais
9.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 65(1): 13-25, ene.-abr. 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-665674

RESUMO

Introducción: Toxoplasma gondii, agente causal de la toxoplasmosis, es un protozoario intracelular obligado que puede afectar al globo ocular, siendo la causa más común de uveítis posterior. Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de las técnicas serológicas y moleculares para el diagnóstico de la toxoplasmosis ocular en pacientes con uveítis. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal para comparar un grupo de pacientes afectados por coriorretinitis toxoplásmica y otro con signos sugestivos de coriorretinitis no toxoplásmica. En ambos grupos se utilizaron métodos serológicos como la inmunofluorescencia indirecta y la prueba de inmunoensayo enzimático (ELISA), y la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para el diagnóstico de la toxoplasmosis ocular. Resultados: las técnicas serológicas permitieron detectar los anticuerpos IgG anti-Toxoplasma en 100 % de los pacientes con coriorretinitis toxoplásmica, de ellos fueron positivos a los anticuerpos IgM solo 3 pacientes y 1 tuvo un resultado débil a la avidez IgG. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa detectó el ADN de Toxoplasma gondii en 15 de los 47 pacientes para una sensibilidad de 31,9 %. Conclusiones: se reporta la detección de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma, en todos los casos de coriorretinitis toxoplásmica a través de los métodos serológicos, aunque la técnica más sensible fue la inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se empleó la detección molecular del ADN de Toxoplasma gondii en pacientes con toxoplasmosis ocular, por primera vez en Cuba. Los resultados permiten sugerir el uso de técnicas serológicas y moleculares que ayuden a confirmar el diagnóstico de infección por Toxoplasma en pacientes con coriorretinitis.


Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an intracellular protozoan that can affect the eye, and be the most common cause of posterior uveitis. Objective: to determine the usefulness of serological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with uveitis. Methods: a cross-sectional study was designed in order to compare a group of patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and another affected by non-toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. In both groups serological methods such as indirect immunofluorescence assay, immunoassay (ELISA), and the polymerase chain reaction were used for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Results: serological techniques allowed detecting anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies in 100 % of patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, and only 3 patients were positive to IgM antibodies. Finally, only one had a weak result for IgG avidity. The polymerase chain reaction detected DNA from Toxoplasma gondii in 15 out of 47 patients for a sensitivity of 31.9 %. Conclusions: this paper reports the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in all toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis cases by serological methods; but the most sensible method was immunofluorescence assay. The molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii`s DNA in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis was employed for the first time in Cuba. The results suggest that serological and molecular techniques can be applied to confirm the diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.

10.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 37(2): 271-276, Mayo-ago. 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-615207

RESUMO

La trichomonosis es una infección muy frecuente a nivel mundial con importantes implicaciones médicas y sociales. El metronidazol constituye el fármaco de elección para el tratamiento de esta infección. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado la existencia de cepas del parásito resistentes a este medicamento en varios países. En el nuestro, la mayoría de los fallos de tratamiento parecen deberse al incumplimiento con la terapia indicada o a reinfecciones. No obstante, algunos quedan sin explicación aparente y pudieran estar circulando aislamientos resistentes. El objetivo es determinar la susceptibilidad al metronidazol de aislamientos cubanos de Trichomonas vaginalis. Se estudiaron 40 aislamientos del parásito, procedentes de exudados vaginales de adolescentes, atendidas en hospitales ginecoobstétricos de Ciudad de La Habana. Los aislamientos fueron sometidos a ensayos in vitro, tanto en condiciones anaeróbicas como aeróbicas, para conocer su susceptibilidad o resistencia al metronidazol. Se utilizaron diluciones dobles seriadas de metronidazol entre 400 Ág/mL y 0,2 Ág/mL y el dimetilsulfóxido como solvente. Mediante los ensayos realizados en condiciones aeróbicas se detectaron dos aislamientos resistentes al metronidazol (Tv-352, CLM: 50 Ág/mL y Tv-240, CLM: 200 Ág/mL). Este hallazgo nos alerta acerca de la necesidad de profundizar en las causas de los fallos de tratamiento para hacer una correcta evaluación e imponer el tratamiento adecuado


The trichomoniasis is a very frequent infection at world level with significant medical and social implications. The metronidazole is the choice drug to treat this infection. However, it was demonstrated the existence of parasite strains resistant to this drug in some countries. In Cuba, most of treatment failures seem to be due to the non-fulfillment of prescribed therapy or to reinfections. Nevertheless, some of them remain without an apparent explanation and could be circulating resistant isolates. The objective of the present paper is to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole of the Cuban isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. Forty isolates of this parasite were studied, from the vaginal exudates of adolescents attended at the gynecobstetrics hospitals of Havana. The isolates underwent in vitro trials under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, to know their susceptibility or resistance to metronidazole. Serial double dilutions of metronidazole between 400 Ág/mL and 0.2 Ág/mL and the dimethylsulfoxide as solvent were used. According to the trials carried out under aerobic conditions, two resistant isolates to metronidazole (Tv-352, CLM: 50 Ág/mL and Tv-240, CLM: 200 Ág/mL) were detected. This finding alerts us about the need to deepen in causes of treatment failures to make an appropriate assessment in order to apply the suitable treatment


Assuntos
Resistência a Medicamentos , Metronidazol/uso terapêutico , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação
11.
Rev. cuba. obstet. ginecol ; 37(2): 271-276, Mayo-ago. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-52279

RESUMO

La trichomonosis es una infección muy frecuente a nivel mundial con importantes implicaciones médicas y sociales. El metronidazol constituye el fármaco de elección para el tratamiento de esta infección. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado la existencia de cepas del parásito resistentes a este medicamento en varios países. En el nuestro, la mayoría de los fallos de tratamiento parecen deberse al incumplimiento con la terapia indicada o a reinfecciones. No obstante, algunos quedan sin explicación aparente y pudieran estar circulando aislamientos resistentes. El objetivo es determinar la susceptibilidad al metronidazol de aislamientos cubanos de Trichomonas vaginalis. Se estudiaron 40 aislamientos del parásito, procedentes de exudados vaginales de adolescentes, atendidas en hospitales ginecoobstétricos de Ciudad de La Habana. Los aislamientos fueron sometidos a ensayos in vitro, tanto en condiciones anaeróbicas como aeróbicas, para conocer su susceptibilidad o resistencia al metronidazol. Se utilizaron diluciones dobles seriadas de metronidazol entre 400 Ág/mL y 0,2 Ág/mL y el dimetilsulfóxido como solvente. Mediante los ensayos realizados en condiciones aeróbicas se detectaron dos aislamientos resistentes al metronidazol (Tv-352, CLM: 50 Ág/mL y Tv-240, CLM: 200 Ág/mL). Este hallazgo nos alerta acerca de la necesidad de profundizar en las causas de los fallos de tratamiento para hacer una correcta evaluación e imponer el tratamiento adecuado(AU)


The trichomoniasis is a very frequent infection at world level with significant medical and social implications. The metronidazole is the choice drug to treat this infection. However, it was demonstrated the existence of parasite strains resistant to this drug in some countries. In Cuba, most of treatment failures seem to be due to the non-fulfillment of prescribed therapy or to reinfections. Nevertheless, some of them remain without an apparent explanation and could be circulating resistant isolates. The objective of the present paper is to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole of the Cuban isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. Forty isolates of this parasite were studied, from the vaginal exudates of adolescents attended at the gynecobstetrics hospitals of Havana. The isolates underwent in vitro trials under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, to know their susceptibility or resistance to metronidazole. Serial double dilutions of metronidazole between 400 Ág/mL and 0.2 Ág/mL and the dimethylsulfoxide as solvent were used. According to the trials carried out under aerobic conditions, two resistant isolates to metronidazole (Tv-352, CLM: 50 Ág/mL and Tv-240, CLM: 200 Ág/mL) were detected. This finding alerts us about the need to deepen in causes of treatment failures to make an appropriate assessment in order to apply the suitable treatment(AU)


Assuntos
Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Resistência a Medicamentos , Metronidazol/uso terapêutico
12.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(3): 226-231, sep.-dic. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-629359

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: el fenotipo antenal ha mostrado ser una herramienta útil para la comparación taxonómica entre especies de Triatominae. OBJETIVO: estudiar el fenotipo antenal en adultos de T. flavida y T. bruneri para clarificar el estado taxonómico de estas especies así como conocer la adaptación específica de cada una a su hábitat. Métodos: fueron contadas y analizadas 4 tipos de sensilla: bristles (BR), tricoide de pared fina (TPF), tricoide de pared gruesa (TPG) y basicónica (BA). RESULTADOS: el pedicelo de T. flavida mostró solamente 2 tipos de receptores mientras que T. bruneri tuvo un mayor número de quimiorreceptores de 3 tipos diferentes. Entre las hembras de T. flavida y T. bruneri fueron observadas diferencias en los BR y BA, para los machos las diferencias fueron observadas en los receptores TPF, TPG y BA sobre el pedicelo y en los BR, TPG y BA en el flagelo 1. El análisis discriminante permitió la separación de las 2 especies, sin embargo, en el análisis de acuerdo con el sexo no se observaron diferencias. CONCLUSIONES: como consecuencia de la adaptación de cada especie a su hábitat se observaron modificaciones morfológicas en el fenotipo antenal. Futuros estudios a los niveles ecológico, morfométrico y molecular son necesarios para clarificar el estado taxonómico de estas especies.


INTRODUCTION: the antennal phenotype has proven to be a useful tool for the taxonomic comparison between Triatominae species. OBJECTIVE: to study the antennal phenotype in adults of T. flavida and T. bruneri adults to clarify the taxonomic status of these species as well as to learn about the specific adaptation of each of them to its habitat. METHODS: four types of sensilla were counted and analyzed: Bristles (BR), thin walled trichoidea (TH), thick walled trichoidea (TK) and basiconic (BA). RESULTS: the pedicel of T. flavida showed only two different types of receptors whereas T. bruneri males had a greater number of chemoreceptors of three different types. Among T. flavida and T. bruneri females, there were differences in BR and BA; differences in males were found in the receptors TH, TK and BA on the pedicel and BR, TK and BA in the flagellum 1. Discriminatory analysis allowed the separation of the two species; however, the analysis by sex did not show any difference. CONCLUSIONS: as a consequence of the adaptation of each species to its habitat, morphological changes of the antennal phenotype occurred. So, further studies at ecological, morphometric and molecular levels are needed to make their present taxonomic status clear.

13.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(3)sept.-dic. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-52963

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: el fenotipo antenal ha mostrado ser una herramienta útil para la comparación taxonómica entre especies de Triatominae. OBJETIVO: estudiar el fenotipo antenal en adultos de T. flavida y T. bruneri para clarificar el estado taxonómico de estas especies así como conocer la adaptación específica de cada una a su hábitat. Métodos: fueron contadas y analizadas 4 tipos de sensilla: bristles (BR), tricoide de pared fina (TPF), tricoide de pared gruesa (TPG) y basicónica (BA). RESULTADOS: el pedicelo de T. flavida mostró solamente 2 tipos de receptores mientras que T. bruneri tuvo un mayor número de quimiorreceptores de 3 tipos diferentes. Entre las hembras de T. flavida y T. bruneri fueron observadas diferencias en los BR y BA, para los machos las diferencias fueron observadas en los receptores TPF, TPG y BA sobre el pedicelo y en los BR, TPG y BA en el flagelo 1. El análisis discriminante permitió la separación de las 2 especies, sin embargo, en el análisis de acuerdo con el sexo no se observaron diferencias. CONCLUSIONES: como consecuencia de la adaptación de cada especie a su hábitat se observaron modificaciones morfológicas en el fenotipo antenal. Futuros estudios a los niveles ecológico, morfométrico y molecular son necesarios para clarificar el estado taxonómico de estas especies(AU)


INTRODUCTION: the antennal phenotype has proven to be a useful tool for the taxonomic comparison between Triatominae species. OBJECTIVE: to study the antennal phenotype in adults of T. flavida and T. bruneri adults to clarify the taxonomic status of these species as well as to learn about the specific adaptation of each of them to its habitat. METHODS: four types of sensilla were counted and analyzed: Bristles (BR), thin walled trichoidea (TH), thick walled trichoidea (TK) and basiconic (BA). RESULTS: the pedicel of T. flavida showed only two different types of receptors whereas T. bruneri males had a greater number of chemoreceptors of three different types. Among T. flavida and T. bruneri females, there were differences in BR and BA; differences in males were found in the receptors TH, TK and BA on the pedicel and BR, TK and BA in the flagellum 1. Discriminatory analysis allowed the separation of the two species; however, the analysis by sex did not show any difference. CONCLUSIONS: as a consequence of the adaptation of each species to its habitat, morphological changes of the antennal phenotype occurred. So, further studies at ecological, morphometric and molecular levels are needed to make their present taxonomic status clear(AU)


Assuntos
Triatominae/genética , Triatominae/classificação , Controle de Vetores de Doenças , Fenótipo
14.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(2)May-Aug. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-584918

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: la leishmaniosis ha sido clasificada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como una de las enfermedades tropicales más importantes. El control de esta parasitosis es muy difícil, porque no existen vacunas y el tratamiento es tóxico e insatisfactorio. Es de crucial importancia establecer un método de diagnóstico oportuno junto a la identificación del parásito, lo cual incide en la selección del tratamiento adecuado y en el diseño de las medidas de control apropiadas. Recientemente, los avances en biología molecular han permitido la caracterización de especies de Leishmania por diferentes métodos. La técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar es una técnica simple para detectar el polimorfismo genético del ADN. OBJETIVO: estandarizar la técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar para su utilización en la tipificación de especies de Leishmania del Nuevo Mundo. MÉTODOS: empleando una concentración de cebador de 5 pmol, 75 ng de ADN molde, 2 mM de cloruro de magnesio y 2 U de Taq ADN polimerasa en 25 mL de reacción, se obtuvieron patrones de amplificación reproducibles. La técnica optimizada de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar se empleó para determinar las diferencias genéticas entre 10 cepas de referencia de Leishmania, con la utilización de 6 juegos de cebadores comerciales diseñados al azar. La relación filogenética entre las especies estudiadas se determinó utilizando la estrategia de agrupaciones mediante el método de UPGMA. RESULTADOS: los cebadores OPA 3, 4 y 8 permitieron diferenciar las 10 cepas de referencia de Leishmania estudiadas. Se obtuvieron 2 grupos genéticos bien definidos donde se agrupan las especies del subgénero Leishmania y Viannia, respectivamente; los 2 subgéneros mostraron diferencias genéticas. CONCLUSIONES: de esta forma se cuenta en el laboratorio con la técnica del ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar optimizada para la identificación de especies de Leishmania.


INTRODUCTION: leishmaniosis has been regarded by the World Health Organization as one of the most important tropical diseases. It is very difficult to control such parasitosis because there are not vaccines, and therapy is generally toxic and unsatisfactory. It is of vital importance to set prompt diagnostic method along with identification of the parasite in order to select the suitable treatment and to design the most convenient control measures. Recently, the advances in molecular biology have made it possible to characterize Leishmania species by different methods. The random amplified polymorphic DNA technique is a simple method to detect the genetic polymorphic DNA. OBJECTIVE: to standardize the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique for its use in New World Leishmania species typing. METHODS: by using 5 pmol primer concentration, 75 ng of template DNA, 2 mM of magnesium chloride and 2 U of polymerase DNA Taq in 25µL reaction, two reproducible amplification patters were obtained. The optimized random amplified polymorphic DNA technique served to determine the genetic differences among ten reference strains of Leishmania, with 6 sets of randomly designed conventional primers. The UP GMA method-based grouping strategy determined the phylogenetic relation among the studied species. RESULTS: OPA primers -3, 4 and 8 allowed distinguishing the ten reference strains of Leishmania under study. Two well defined genetic groups including species of Leishmania and Viannia subgenres were obtained; these 2 subgenres showed genetic differences. CONCLUSIONS: in this way, our laboratory has the optimized random amplified polymorphic DNA for the identification of Leishmania species.

15.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(2)mayo-ago. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-52896

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: la leishmaniosis ha sido clasificada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como una de las enfermedades tropicales más importantes. El control de esta parasitosis es muy difícil, porque no existen vacunas y el tratamiento es tóxico e insatisfactorio. Es de crucial importancia establecer un método de diagnóstico oportuno junto a la identificación del parsito, lo cual incide en la selección del tratamiento adecuado y en el diseño de las medidas de control apropiadas. Recientemente, los avances en biología molecular han permitido la caracterización de especies de Leishmania por diferentes métodos. La técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar es una técnica simple para detectar el polimorfismo genético del ADN. OBJETIVO: estandarizar la técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar para su utilización en la tipificación de especies de Leishmania del Nuevo Mundo. MÉTODOS: empleando una concentración de cebador de 5 pmol, 75 ng de ADN molde, 2 mM de cloruro de magnesio y 2 U de Taq ADN polimerasa en 25 mL de reacción, se obtuvieron patrones de amplificación reproducibles. La técnica optimizada de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar se empleó para determinar las diferencias genéticas entre 10 cepas de referencia de Leishmania, con la utilización de 6 juegos de cebadores comerciales diseñados al azar. La relación filogenética entre las especies estudiadas se determinó utilizando la estrategia de agrupaciones mediante el método de UPGMA. RESULTADOS: los cebadores OPA 3, 4 y 8 permitieron diferenciar las 10 cepas de referencia de Leishmania estudiadas. Se obtuvieron 2 grupos genéticos bien definidos donde se agrupan las especies del subgénero Leishmania y Viannia, respectivamente; los 2 subgéneros mostraron diferencias genéticas. CONCLUSIONES: de esta forma se cuenta en el laboratorio con la técnica del ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar optimizada para la identificación de especies de Leishmania(AU)


INTRODUCTION: leishmaniosis has been regarded by the World Health Organization as one of the most important tropical diseases. It is very difficult to control such parasitosis because there are not vaccines, and therapy is generally toxic and unsatisfactory. It is of vital importance to set prompt diagnostic method along with identification of the parasite in order to select the suitable treatment and to design the most convenient control measures. Recently, the advances in molecular biology have made it possible to characterize Leishmania species by different methods. The random amplified polymorphic DNA technique is a simple method to detect the genetic polymorphic DNA. OBJECTIVE: to standardize the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique for its use in New World Leishmania species typing. METHODS: by using 5 pmol primer concentration, 75 ng of template DNA, 2 mM of magnesium chloride and 2 U of polymerase DNA Taq in 25µL reaction, two reproducible amplification patters were obtained. The optimized random amplified polymorphic DNA technique served to determine the genetic differences among ten reference strains of Leishmania, with 6 sets of randomly designed conventional primers. The UP GMA method-based grouping strategy determined the phylogenetic relation among the studied species. RESULTS: OPA primers -3, 4 and 8 allowed distinguishing the ten reference strains of Leishmania under study. Two well defined genetic groups including species of Leishmania and Viannia subgenres were obtained; these 2 subgenres showed genetic differences. CONCLUSIONS: in this way, our laboratory has the optimized random amplified polymorphic DNA for the identification of Leishmania species(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Leishmania/microbiologia , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Leishmania/parasitologia
16.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(1)ene.-abr. 2009. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-547078

RESUMO

La enfermedad de Chagas es una enfermedad transmitida por triatomineos. Triatoma flavida es una especie selvática autóctona de Cuba, que presumiblemente es atraída a las casas por la luz, de las especies encontradas en Cuba es la más abundante. Se investigó la variabilidad genética intrapoblacional e interpoblacional de ejemplares de T. flavida colectados en la región occidental de Cuba, utilizando la técnica del ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar, con la determinación ademßs de posibles relaciones genéticas entre las poblaciones. Un total de 10 cebadores al azar (OPA-1 al 10) fueron usados para evaluar la variabilidad genética dentro de una población y entre 9 poblaciones diferentes de T. flavida, mediante la técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar. Además, se evaluó la diversidad genética entre individuos salvajes y de la primera generación (F1) obtenidos en el laboratorio, así como entre los diferentes estadios de esta especie. No se detectaron diferencias en los patrones de amplificación del ADN entre los individuos silvestres y de la F1; al igual que entre los diferentes estadios de esta especie. Se encontró homogeneidad genética dentro de la población estudiada y una variabilidad genética baja entre las diferentes poblaciones de T. flavida. Se obtuvieron 2 grupos bien definidos según el análisis del ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar, mostrando concordancia con el origen geográfico, en las poblaciones capturadas en áreas del occidente y el oriente de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río. Entre estas poblaciones se encontró una pequeña diferenciación genética (Fst 0,030) y tasas de migración (N> 1) que revelan flujo genético y homogeneidad genética. Los resultados presentados en este estudio establecen una aproximación a la estructura genética de T. flavida. La homogeneidad genética encontrada entre los individuos silvestres de T. flavida constituye un aspecto importante para la implementación de las políticas de control de este vector.


Chagas disease is a Triatomineos-borne disease. Triatoma flavida is an indigenous Cuban species, presumably attracted to houses by light and it is the most abundant species in the country. The intrapopulatinal and interpopulational genetic variability of T. flavida collected in the western region, using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, thus determining possible genetic relationships among the populations. A total of ten random primers (OPA-1 at the 10) were used to evaluate the genetic variability in one population and among 9 populations of T. flavida using the RAPD technique. We also evaluate the genetic diversity among wild individuals and their first generation (F1) obtained in the laboratory as well as different stages of this species. Differences were not detected in the amplification patterns among the wild individuals and the F1. The same results were achieved among different life cycles of this species. Genetic homogeneity of the studied population and low genetic variability among different T. flavida populations were observed. Two well-defined groups were obtained according to random amplified polymorphic DNA data; they matched with the geographical origin in the populations captured in areas from east and west of Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río. Among these populations, small genetic differentiation (Fst 0,030) was found as well as migration rates (N> 1), which reveals the gene flow and genetic homogeneity. The results of this study constitute an approach to the genetic structure of T. flavida. The genetic homogeneity between wild individuals of T. flavida represents an important item for the implementation of the vector control programs.


Assuntos
Deriva Genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Triatoma/genética
17.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(1)ene.-abr. 2009. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-40806

RESUMO

La enfermedad de Chagas es una enfermedad transmitida por triatomineos. Triatoma flavida es una especie selvática autóctona de Cuba, que presumiblemente es atraída a las casas por la luz, de las especies encontradas en Cuba es la más abundante. Se investigó la variabilidad genética intrapoblacional e interpoblacional de ejemplares de T. flavida colectados en la región occidental de Cuba, utilizando la técnica del ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar, con la determinación ademßs de posibles relaciones genéticas entre las poblaciones. Un total de 10 cebadores al azar (OPA-1 al 10) fueron usados para evaluar la variabilidad genética dentro de una población y entre 9 poblaciones diferentes de T. flavida, mediante la técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar. Además, se evaluó la diversidad genética entre individuos salvajes y de la primera generación (F1) obtenidos en el laboratorio, así como entre los diferentes estadios de esta especie. No se detectaron diferencias en los patrones de amplificación del ADN entre los individuos silvestres y de la F1; al igual que entre los diferentes estadios de esta especie. Se encontró homogeneidad genética dentro de la población estudiada y una variabilidad genética baja entre las diferentes poblaciones de T. flavida. Se obtuvieron 2 grupos bien definidos según el análisis del ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar, mostrando concordancia con el origen geográfico, en las poblaciones capturadas en áreas del occidente y el oriente de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río. Entre estas poblaciones se encontró una pequeña diferenciación genética (Fst 0,030) y tasas de migración (N> 1) que revelan flujo genético y homogeneidad genética. Los resultados presentados en este estudio establecen una aproximación a la estructura genética de T. flavida. La homogeneidad genética encontrada entre los individuos silvestres de T. flavida constituye un aspecto importante para la implementación de las políticas de control de este vector(AU)


Chagas disease is a Triatomineos-borne disease. Triatoma flavida is an indigenous Cuban species, presumably attracted to houses by light and it is the most abundant species in the country. The intrapopulatinal and interpopulational genetic variability of T. flavida collected in the western region, using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, thus determining possible genetic relationships among the populations. A total of ten random primers (OPA-1 at the 10) were used to evaluate the genetic variability in one population and among 9 populations of T. flavida using the RAPD technique. We also evaluate the genetic diversity among wild individuals and their first generation (F1) obtained in the laboratory as well as different stages of this species. Differences were not detected in the amplification patterns among the wild individuals and the F1. The same results were achieved among different life cycles of this species. Genetic homogeneity of the studied population and low genetic variability among different T. flavida populations were observed. Two well-defined groups were obtained according to random amplified polymorphic DNA data; they matched with the geographical origin in the populations captured in areas from east and west of Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río. Among these populations, small genetic differentiation (Fst 0,030) was found as well as migration rates (N> 1), which reveals the gene flow and genetic homogeneity. The results of this study constitute an approach to the genetic structure of T. flavida. The genetic homogeneity between wild individuals of T. flavida represents an important item for the implementation of the vector control programs(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Triatoma/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Deriva Genética
18.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 49(2)Mar.-Apr. 2007. tab
Artigo em Inglês | CUMED | ID: cum-39852

RESUMO

The one-generational metric changes occurring in Triatoma flavida (Hemiptera: Triatominae) when carried from its wild habitat (caves) to laboratory, were examined using traditional morphometric techniques. As for other species of Triatoma, Rhodnius or Panstrongylus studied in similar conditions, a significant reduction of head, thorax and wing size was observed. Sexual dimorphism of the wings, while present in the wild sample, was not detected anymore in the laboratory individuals. Biological significance and epidemiological importance are discussed(AU)


Fueron examinados los cambios morfométricos que ocurrieron en la primera generación de Triatoma flavida cuando fueron llevados desde su hábitat selvático (cuevas) al laboratorio, mediante el uso de técnicas morfométricas tradicionales. Se observó una reducción significativa del tamaño de la cabeza, tórax y alas, como ocurre en otras especies de Triatoma, Rhodnius o Panstrongylus estudiados en condiciones similares. El dimorfismo sexual de tamaño en las alas, aunque presente en los individuos selváticos, no se detectó en los de laboratorio. La significación biológica y la importancia epidemiológica son discutidas(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Insetos Vetores/anatomia & histologia , Insetos Vetores/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Triatoma/anatomia & histologia , Triatoma/genética
19.
Rev. panam. infectol ; 8(3): 43-46, jul.-sept. 2006. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-439232

RESUMO

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a consequence of a first infection during pregnancy. A descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 181 pregnant women. This sample was representative of a universe integrated by pregnant women from 3 policlinics of La Lisa municipality, Havana City, booked from March to September 2004, with the aim of identifying those with acute or recent toxoplasmosis infection. As well, the follow-up and control of seronegative pregnant women was also conducted. The sample size was determined through a simple, randomized sampling. The serological method of Indirect Immunofluorescence (IFI) was used to detect the IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, and the molecular method of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to confirm infection in blood or amniotic fluid. One of the patients of this study, who was at her 18th week of gestation with acute infection and probable congenital transmission, showed seroconversion with IgG antibody titters of 1/256 and 1/2048 in her first and second sera, respectively. The result of the IgM detection was of 1/32. These findings demonstrate a 44,2% of seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in a pregnant women population


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Toxoplasmose Congênita/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/microbiologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/prevenção & controle , Cuba/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo
20.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 56(3): 203-207, sep.-dic. 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-629334

RESUMO

Se evaluó la aplicabilidad de 5 protocolos útiles para la extracción del ADN genómico de Triatomíneos, y se describió el método del acetato de potasio modificado, como un método con el que se obtiene un alto rendimiento y pureza del ADN en el menor tiempo y costo, para su utilización como molde en la técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar (RAPD [la cual es un método simple para detectar el polimorfismo genético del ADN]) y probablemente en otras técnicas moleculares basadas en la amplificación por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. La calidad del ADN constituye un elemento crucial para esta técnica, la cual necesita un método de extracción de ADN lo más estandarizado posible con el que se obtenga un ADN puro, no degradado, libre de ARN y de inhibidores de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa: porque cambios en la pureza afectan los perfiles de amplificación y esto se manifiesta en la presencia de bandas falsas y en la poca reproducibilidad del ensayo.


The applicability of 5 protocols useful for the extraction of genomic DNA of triatominae was evaluated and the modified potassium acetate method was described as a method with which a high yield and purity of DNA is obtained in the shortest time and at the lowest cost to be used as a mold in the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique (simple method to detect the DNA genetic polymorphism) and probably in other molecular techniqeus based in the PCR amplification. The DNA quality is a crucial element for this technique, which needs a DNA extraction method as standardized as possible to obtain a pure non degraded DNA free of RNA and of PCR inhibitors, because changes in the purity can affect the amplification profiles and this is manifested in the presence of false bands and in the little reproducibility of the assay.

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